Cite this article
Mkumbo, H., Tibesigwa, B.K. (2026) ‘Integrated Computational Fluid Dynamics and Space Syntax simulation of evacuation efficiency and fire spread in informal local markets’, Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU, 31(2), pp. 23-35. https://www.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2026-0009
SUMMARY
Local markets are important in supporting urban livelihoods and activities, especially in poor and low-income areas. However, local markets are highly prone to catastrophic fires, especially because of poor spatial organisation, lack of proper safety arrangements, and combustible materials. This study seeks to provide an evaluation of the role of spatial design in addressing the risk of fires in local markets.
Using a case study methodology, we collected primary data through interviews, on-site observations, and high-resolution mapping in QGIS. The primary method for data analysis integrated advanced analytical technologies, specifically Space Syntax (spatial configuration analysis) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for fire/smoke simulation. While both Space Syntax and CFD modelling have long-established applications in formal building design, this study represents the first integrated application of both methodologies to assess fire safety in informal market contexts within the region. The first was Space Syntax, which assesses the way in which spaces are connected, visibility, and how accessible it is for people to move around and evacuate the space in the event of an emergency. The second tool was Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), which simulates how a fire would spread, how smoke and heat travel, in the complex space of the market.
The results indicated the weaknesses of the system. Space Syntax analysis indicated a sharply low visual integration, showing that the building was like a maze with tight corridors, dead ends, and scarce escape routes. The CFD and Pathfinder simulation of the building confirmed this, showing that the congested areas would become deadly bottlenecks in the event of a fire. The simulation indicated fast fire spread due to combustible materials, with smoke and heat blocking the exits before the flames even reach them. The firefighting equipment was often difficult to access or ineffective due to the spatial constraints.
Based on the findings of this study, the following spatial measures are recommended: replacing combustible materials with fire-resistant ones, enforcing zoning of high-risk items, rethinking the layout to offer clear, wide, and redundant routes of escape, and introducing signage and training in fire safety.
The study emphasises that informal markets demand a design-oriented and proactive approach in addressing fire safety. It argues in favour of enforcing building codes and safety regulations with mandatory audits and permits. It provides a clear and replicable model that policymakers, planners, and communities can use to mitigate the risk of fires, protect livelihoods, and enhance the economic resilience of low-income urban areas.